Appendix II*

Distribution of Basic Order Types:

  1. I/Pr/NG/NA. Celtic languages; Hebrew, Aramaic, Arabic, Ancient Egyptian, Berber; Nandi, Masai, Lotuko, Turkana, Didinga; Polynesian languages and probably other Austronesian languages; Chinook, Tsimshian; Zapotec, Chinantec, Mixtec, and probably other Oto-Mangue languages.
  2. I/Pr/NG/AN. Tagabili and probably other Philippine Austronesian languages; Kwakiutl, Quileute, Xinca.
  3. I/Pr/GN/AN. Milpa Alta Nahuatl.
  4. I/Pr/GN/NA. No examples.
  5. I/Po/NG/NA. No examples.
  6. I/Po/NG/AN. No examples.
  7. I/Po/GN/AN. No examples.
  8. I/Po/GN/NA. No examples.
  9. II/Pr/NG/NA. Romance languages, Albanian, Modern Greek; West Atlantic languages, Yoruba, Edo group, most languages of Benue-Congo group including all Bantu languages; Shilluk, Acholi, Bari, most languages of Chad group of Hamito-Semitic but not Hausa; Neo-Syriac, Khasi, Nicobarese, Khmer, Vietnamese, all Thai languages except Khamti; many Austronesian languages including Malay; Subtiaba.
  10. II/Pr/NG/AN. German, Dutch, Icelandic, Slavonic, Efik, Kredj, Maya, Papiamento.
  11. II/Pr/GN/AN. Norwegian, Swedish, Danish.
  12. II/Pr/GN/NA. Arapesh (New Guinea).
  13. II/Po/NG/NA. No examples.
  14. II/Po/NG/AN. Rutulian and other Daghestan languages in the Caucasus.
  15. II/Po/GN/AN. Finnish, Estonian, Ijo, Chinese, Algonquian (probably), Zoque.
  16. II/Po/GN/NA. Most Mandingo and Voltaic languages, Kru, Twi, Gã, Guang, Ewe, Nupe, Songhai, Tonkawa, Guarani.
  17. III/Pr/NG/NA. Persian, Iraqw (Cushitic), Khamti (Thai), Akkadian.
  18. III/Pr/NG/AN. No examples.
  19. III/Pr/GN/AN. Amharic.
  20. III/Pr/GN/NA. No examples.
  21. III/Po/NG/NA. Sumerian, Elamite, Galla, Kanuri, Teda, Kamilaroi and other southeastern Australian languages.
  22. III/Po/NG/AN. No examples.
  23. III/Po/GN/AN. Hindi, Bengali, and other Aryan languages of India; Modern Armenian, Finno-Ugric except Finnish group; Altaic, Yukaghir, Paleo-Siberian, Korean, Ainu, Japanese, Gafat, Harari, Sidamo, Chamir, Bedauye, Nama Hottentot; Khinalug, Abkhaz and other Caucasian languages; Burushaski, Dravidian; Newari and other Sino-Tibetan languages; Marind-Anim, Navaho, Maidu, Quechua.
  24. III/Po/GN/NA. Basque, Hurrian, Urartian, Nubian, Kunama, Fur, Sandawe, Burmese, Lushei, Classical Tibetan, Makasai, Bunak (Timor), Kate (New Guinea), most Australian languages, Haida, Tlingit, Zuni, Chitimacha, Tunica, Lenca, Matagalpa, Cuna, Chibcha, Warrau.

Languages Object before Subject:

Coeur d'Alene: VOS/Pr/NG/NA.
Siuslaw, Coos: VOS and OVS/Po/GN/AN/

 
Languages with Variant Constructions:

Geez, Bontoc Igorot 1, 2; Tagalog 1, 2, 3, 4; Sango 9, 10; English 10, 11; Lithuanian 11, 15 (prepositions more numerous), Maligbctu, Araucanian 12, 13; Takelma 12, 16 (prepositions more frequent); Moru-Madi 13, 16; Tabassaran l4, 15; Luiseno 15, 16; Tigre 17, 18, 19, 20; Tigrinya 18, 19; Somali, Maba 21, 24; Afar, Ekari 23, 24.

 
  

*Joseph H. Greenberg, "Some Universals of Grammar with Particular Reference to the Order of Meaningful Elements",  In: Joseph H. Greenberg (ed.). Universals of Language. London: MIT Press, pp. 108-110.