Appendix I*
Basic Data on the 30-Language Sample
 
 
VSO
Pr
NA
ND
N Num
Basque
III
-
x
x
-
Berber
I
x
x
x
-
Burmese
III
-
x1
-
-2
Burushaski
III
-
-
-
-
Chibcha
III
-
x
-
x
Finnish
II
-
-
-
-
Fulani
II
x
x
x
x
Greek
II
x
-
-
-
Guarani
II
-
x
-
0
Hebrew
I
x
x
x
-
Hindi
III
-
-
-
-
Italian
II
x
x3
-
-
Kannada
III
-
-
-
-
Japanese
III
-
-
-
-2
Loritja
III
-
x
x
x
Malay
II
x
x
x
-2
Maori
I
x
x
-
-
Masai
I
x
x
-
x
Maya
II
x
-
-
-2
Norwegian
II
x
-
-
-
Nubian
III
-
x
-
x
Quechua
III
-
-
-
-
Serbian
II
x
-
-
-
Songhai
II
-
x
x
x
Swahili
II
x
x
x
x
Thai
II
x
x
x
-2
Turkish
III
-
-
-
-
Welsh
I
x
x3
x
-
Yoruba
II
x
x
x
x
Zapotec
I
x
x
x
-
 
In the first column, I indicates that normal word order is verb-subject-object, II indicates subject-verb-object, and III subject-object-verb. In the second column, x indicates that the language has prepositions, and - that it has postpositions. In the third column, x indicates that the noun precedes its modifying adjective, and - that it follows. In the fourth column, x indicates that the noun precedes its modifying demonstrative, and - that it follows. In the fifth column, x indicates that the noun precedes its modifying numeral, and - that it follows. In any column, 0 means that both orders are found.
Notes to Appendix I
1. Participle of adjective-verb, however, precedes and is probably as common as adjective following.

2. Numeral classifiers following numerals in each case. The construction numeral + classifier precedes in Burmese and Maya, follows in Japanese and Thai, and either precedes or follows in Malay.

3. In Welsh and Italian a small number of adjectives usually precede.

  


*Joseph H. Greenberg, "Some Universals of Grammar with Particular Reference to the Order of Meaningful Elements",  In: Joseph H. Greenberg (ed.). Universals of Language. London: MIT Press, pp. 107-108.